Race and Place: Equity Issues in Urban America

Front Cover
Avalon Publishing, Mar 19, 2003 - Social Science - 304 pages
Racism, racial equity, and the race-place connections related to racial inequalities in the U.S. are the major themes of this book. The long history of U.S. White racism toward Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians is deeply rooted in the political, socioeconomic, and intellectual frameworks of America, permitting racial inequities to become expressed as cultural landscapes—the places where many racial minorities exist. The contemporary geographic patterns of segregation and isolation are different from those of earlier U.S. history, but are equally damning and present extremely difficult challenges for social action in a nation that will change its racial/ethnic composition dramatically during the current generation.As America changes over the next quarter century, the visible and invisible race-place inequalities that help define U.S. urban geography will continue in housing, education, employment, travel requirements, shopping choices, environmental hazards, and other living conditions. Minority groups, ever increasing in numbers, will find inequalities unacceptable. How America deals with racial inequalities will likely have consequences for all its citizens.
 

Contents

Race Ethnicity and Locational Inequalities Introduction
1
Race and Ethnicity
4
Equity and Racial Disparities
14
Outline of the Book
17
US Minority Population Settlement Patterns Dispersion and Growth Trends
21
Minority Population Settlement and Dispersion
22
Projected Growth of American Minorities
37
Implications for Research and Policy
49
Equity Issues in a Multiracial Environment
180
Indicators of Environmental Inequities and Threats to Minority Health in Urban America
189
A Conceptual Model of Environmental Equity Research
190
Evidence of Inequitable Outcomes in Monroe and Suffolk Counties New York
203
Summary
210
Retail Structure Accessibility and Inequalities in Areas of Minority Concentration
213
Urban Restructuring and the Location of Selected Retail Functions
214
Defining and Formulating Accessibility
216

Sociological Narratives of Racism in America
55
Diversity of Perspectives
57
A Historical Context for US Racism
79
Summary
92
Theories of Spatial Relationships in Urban America
95
The FreeMarket Technological View
99
A PostmodernMarxist Explanation of Urban Growth and Restructuring
112
Minority and Nonminority Concentrations Differentiating Between RaceandPlaceBased Inequalities in Urban America
125
Segregation
126
Minority Equity Issues
131
The Growth of Hispanic Populations and BlackHispanic Settlement Patterns
134
An Empirical Analysis
142
Summary
165
Deconstruction of Emerging Racial Mosaics Equity Issues Where Asian Americans Mix with Other Minorities in Alameda County California
167
Some Trends and Issues in Southern California
168
Alameda County California
172
Accessibility and Equity
219
Future Retailing in Inner Cities
227
Commuting and Locational Access to Employment in Urban America Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Three Cities
229
Commuting and Access to Employment
232
Descriptive Summary Data on the Study Areas
236
Detroit Wayne County
237
Summary and Conclusions
246
Discussion and Policy Implications for Areas of Minority Concentrations
247
Racial Inequalities in Urban America Retrospect and Prospect
253
Some Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
254
Prospects Challenges and Hope
268
Sample Urban Counties Used in the Analysis
275
References
277
Index
293
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About the author (2003)

John Frazier is professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. He has published three books and numerous articles on the applied aspects of geography. He has received more than three-quarters of a million dollars in grants and contracts. In addition to being funded by EPA, NSF, and local regional agencies, Professor Frazier served as consultant to the Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Division of HUD, 1994-1996 and has been recognized by many awards and distinctions.Eugene Tettey-Fio is an assistant professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. Professor Tettey-Fio earned a Ph.D. from Kent State University in 1996. He served as a consultant to Geo-Health Services and taught at Kent State University before joining SUNY, Binghamton. His research interests include urban form and process in Africa and the United Sates.Florence M. Margai is associate professor of Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. She received her Ph.D. in 1991 from Kent State University. Her research focuses on the spatial distribution of environmental pollution sources and the health impacts on residents in the host communities. She is the author or co-author of more than 20 articles in books and journals and has served as board member of the Applied Geography Conference. John Frazier is professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. He has published three books and numerous articles on the applied aspects of geography. He has received more than three-quarters of a million dollars in grants and contracts. In addition to being funded by EPA, NSF, and local regional agencies, Professor Frazier served as consultant to the Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Division of HUD, 1994-1996 and has been recognized by many awards and distinctions.Eugene Tettey-Fio is an assistant professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. Professor Tettey-Fio earned a Ph.D. from Kent State University in 1996. He served as a consultant to Geo-Health Services and taught at Kent State University before joining SUNY, Binghamton. His research interests include urban form and process in Africa and the United Sates.Florence M. Margai is associate professor of Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. She received her Ph.D. in 1991 from Kent State University. Her research focuses on the spatial distribution of environmental pollution sources and the health impacts on residents in the host communities. She is the author or co-author of more than 20 articles in books and journals and has served as board member of the Applied Geography Conference. John Frazier is professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. He has published three books and numerous articles on the applied aspects of geography. He has received more than three-quarters of a million dollars in grants and contracts. In addition to being funded by EPA, NSF, and local regional agencies, Professor Frazier served as consultant to the Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Division of HUD, 1994-1996 and has been recognized by many awards and distinctions.Eugene Tettey-Fio is an assistant professor of Urban Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. Professor Tettey-Fio earned a Ph.D. from Kent State University in 1996. He served as a consultant to Geo-Health Services and taught at Kent State University before joining SUNY, Binghamton. His research interests include urban form and process in Africa and the United Sates.Florence M. Margai is associate professor of Geography at SUNY, Binghamton. She received her Ph.D. in 1991 from Kent State University. Her research focuses on the spatial distribution of environmental pollution sources and the health impacts on residents in the host communities. She is the author or co-author of more than 20 articles in books and journals and has served as board member of the Applied Geography Conference.

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